Skin Appendages and the Subcutaneous Layer

There are several appendages located in the dermal layer of the skin:

• Sweat glands: Specifically, Eccrine glads. The glands create sweat which helps to cool off the body as it evaporates
• Sebaceous glads: Glands found all over the body secreting sebum into hair follicles. Sebum is an oily substance which acts as an bactericidal and fungicidal, as well as keeps the skin from drying out. When these glands get clogged, they create the white heads of pimples. Additionally, as we age, less sebum is produced by our bodies, causing dryer skin
• Hair shaft and follicle: While these have an impact on physical appearance, they also regulate temperature, protect against injury, and can amplify sensations of touch.
• Nerve endings: Give information to the brain about sensations of touch. Some areas have more nerve endings than others, such as the palms of the hands

Finally, there is a layer of fat under the dermis, called the subcutaneous layer. While its primary function is to protect against cold and provide a protective padding, it also adds to plumpness to the skin.